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the nineteenth on the list

  • 1 dix-neuvième

    dix-neuvième [diznœvjεm]
    adjective
    masculine noun, feminine noun
    * * *
    diznœvjɛm
    adjectif nineteenth
    * * *
    diznœvjɛm
    1. adj

    Je suis arrivé dix-neuvième. — I came nineteenth.

    2. nmf
    3. nm
    (= fraction) nineteenth
    * * *
    dix-neuvième ⇒ La date, Les nombres adj nineteenth.
    [diznɶvjɛm] adjectif numéral & nom masculin et féminin
    voir aussi link=cinquième cinquième

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > dix-neuvième

  • 2 carpa

    f.
    1 carp (fish).
    2 big top.
    4 circus tent.
    5 common carp, Cyprinus carpio morpha hungaricus, carp, Cyprinus carpio.
    6 Carpa.
    7 jackknife dive.
    * * *
    1 (de circo) big top, marquee
    2 (tenderete) stall
    ————————
    1 (de uvas) small bunch of grapes
    ————————
    1 (pez) carp
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) carp
    2) tent
    * * *
    I
    SF (=pez) carp
    II
    SF
    1) [de circo] big top
    2) (=toldo) awning
    3) esp LAm (=tienda de campaña) tent
    4) Méx travelling show
    CARPA In Mexico a carpa is a travelling show held under a big top. Originating in the nationalistic aftermath of the Mexican revolution, carpas toured agricultural communities and mining towns offering a menu of satire, slapstick humour, dramatic sketches and humorous monologues, as well as acrobatics, tightrope walking and other circus entertainments. It was in the carpa that the Mexican comic character, Cantinflas, started life.
    See:
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( de circo) big top; ( para actuaciones) marquee
    b) (AmL) ( para acampar) tent
    2) (Zool) carp
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( de circo) big top; ( para actuaciones) marquee
    b) (AmL) ( para acampar) tent
    2) (Zool) carp
    * * *
    carpa1
    1 = carp.

    Ex: Arrange the list in strict alphabetical order by the word by word method: Carp, Carburettors, Car port, Cardiff, Car maintenance, Carpets, Cars, Carborundum, Carpet tiles, Car sales = Ordene la lista en orden alfabético estricto según el método de ordenación palabra por palabra: Carpas, Carburadores, Porche para guardar el coche, Cardiff, Cuidados del coche, Alfombras, Coches, Carborundo, Planchas de moqueta, Venta de coches.

    carpa2
    2 = marquee.

    Ex: Marquees can accommodate from 50 up to 500 or more people.

    * * *
    carpa carpa (↑ carpa a1)
    A
    3 (CS) (en la playa) beach tent
    Compuesto:
    ( RPl) oxygen tent
    B ( Zool) carp
    In Mexico, a traveling show held in a kind of circus tent. It included traditional circus acts, satirical sketches, short plays, songs, and monologues. Carpas began in the mid-nineteenth century and reached their height between 1930 and 1950.
    * * *

     

    Del verbo carpir: ( conjugate carpir)

    carpa es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    carpa sustantivo femenino
    1

    ( para actuaciones) marquee
    b) (AmL) ( para acampar) tent

    2 (Zool) carp
    carpa sustantivo femenino
    1 Zool carp
    2 (lona) big top
    (pequeña techumbre) marquee
    3 LAm (tienda de campaña) tent
    ' carpa' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    armar
    - desarmar
    - entoldado
    - estaca
    - mástil
    - palo
    English:
    carp
    - marquee
    - tent
    - big
    - up
    * * *
    carpa1 nf
    [pez] carp
    carpa2 nf
    1. [de circo] big top;
    [en parque, la calle] large tent [for events], Br marquee
    2. Am [tienda de campaña] tent
    carpa de oxígeno oxygen tent
    * * *
    f
    1 de circo big top
    2 ZO carp
    3 L.Am.
    para acampar tent
    4 L.Am.
    de mercado stall
    * * *
    carpa nf
    1) : carp
    2) : big top (of a circus)
    3) : tent
    * * *
    1. (lona grande) marquee
    2. (circo) big top

    Spanish-English dictionary > carpa

  • 3 diecinueve

    adj.
    1 nineteen.
    2 nineteenth.
    f. & m.
    nineteen.
    * * *
    1 (cardinal) nineteen; (ordinal) nineteenth
    1 (número) nineteen
    2 (fecha) nineteenth
    * * *
    noun m. adj.
    * * *
    ADJ INV PRON SM [gen] nineteen; [ordinal, en la fecha] nineteenth
    seis
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable/pronombre nineteen; para ejemplos ver cinco
    II
    masculino (number) nineteen
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable/pronombre nineteen; para ejemplos ver cinco
    II
    masculino (number) nineteen
    * * *
    diecinueve(19)

    Ex: Divided into nineteen broad subject categories its intention is to list and index all publicly available COM documents.

    * del siglo diecinueve = nineteenth-century.

    * * *
    adj inv/pron
    nineteen para ejemplos ver cinco1 (↑ cinco (1))
    nineteen, number nineteen
    * * *

    diecinueve adj inv/m/pron
    nineteen;
    para ejemplos ver
    ◊ cinco

    diecinueve
    I sustantivo masculino nineteen
    II adjetivo nineteenth: es una casa del siglo diecinueve, the house was built in the nineteenth century

    ' diecinueve' also found in these entries:
    English:
    nineteen
    - nineteenth
    * * *
    nineteen;
    ver también tres
    * * *
    adj nineteen
    * * *
    diecinueve adj & nm
    : nineteen
    * * *
    1. (en general) nineteen
    2. (en fechas) nineteenth

    Spanish-English dictionary > diecinueve

  • 4 fugitivo

    adj.
    fugitive, on the run, runaway.
    m.
    fugitive, runaway, flier, escapee.
    * * *
    1 (en fuga) fleeing
    2 figurado (efímero) ephemeral, fleeting
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 fugitive, runaway
    * * *
    (f. - fugitiva)
    noun adj.
    * * *
    fugitivo, -a
    1. ADJ
    1) fugitive, fleeing
    2) = fugaz 1)
    2.
    SM / F fugitive
    * * *
    - va adjetivo fugitive
    * * *
    = fleeing, fugitive, runaway, escapee.
    Ex. And there is more to be gained from an imaginary nineteenth-century boy floating down the Mississippi on a raft with a fleeing black slave than a good deal of everyday, 'direct' experience can give.
    Ex. The librarian would at the end of such a search have a list of terms such as the following: emigres, evacuees, fugitives, immigration, migrants, migration, naturalisation, population transfers, transients.
    Ex. Many of the teenaged runaways left home in search of freedom from what they considered abusive treatment, whether physical, sexual, or emotional.
    Ex. Arabs who played a role in the Holocaust included those who personally took part in the persecution of Jews, and patrolmen who tracked down Jewish escapees from forced labor camps.
    ----
    * esclavo fugitivo = maroon.
    * * *
    - va adjetivo fugitive
    * * *
    = fleeing, fugitive, runaway, escapee.

    Ex: And there is more to be gained from an imaginary nineteenth-century boy floating down the Mississippi on a raft with a fleeing black slave than a good deal of everyday, 'direct' experience can give.

    Ex: The librarian would at the end of such a search have a list of terms such as the following: emigres, evacuees, fugitives, immigration, migrants, migration, naturalisation, population transfers, transients.
    Ex: Many of the teenaged runaways left home in search of freedom from what they considered abusive treatment, whether physical, sexual, or emotional.
    Ex: Arabs who played a role in the Holocaust included those who personally took part in the persecution of Jews, and patrolmen who tracked down Jewish escapees from forced labor camps.
    * esclavo fugitivo = maroon.

    * * *
    fugitivo1 -va
    fugitive
    la búsqueda del banquero fugitivo the hunt for the fugitive o runaway banker
    todavía está or anda fugitivo he is still on the run
    fugitivo2 -va
    masculine, feminine
    fugitive
    * * *

    fugitivo
    ◊ -va adjetivo

    fugitive;
    anda fugitivo he is on the run
    fugitivo,-a sustantivo masculino y femenino fugitive

    ' fugitivo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    fugitiva
    - acorralar
    - matrero
    - perseguir
    English:
    fugitive
    - outlaw
    - runaway
    * * *
    fugitivo, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [en fuga] fleeing
    2. [fugaz] fleeting
    ♦ nm,f
    fugitive;
    un fugitivo de la justicia a fugitive from justice
    * * *
    I adj runaway atr
    II m, fugitiva f fugitive
    * * *
    fugitivo, -va adj & n
    : fugitive

    Spanish-English dictionary > fugitivo

  • 5 preocuparse por

    v.
    to worry about, to be concerned about, to be bothered with, to care about.
    Me preocupo por esa situación I worry about that situation.
    * * *
    (v.) = become + apprehensive about, care (about/for), be apprehensive (about), lose + sleep over/on, fret about
    Ex. As the 1992 unification of the European Community looms, East European countries are becoming jittery and apprehensive about the implications for them.
    Ex. Many authors, especially since the mid nineteenth century, have cared about the details of their punctuation and have bothered to correct it.
    Ex. His actions have bothered me to the extent that I have difficulty working with him without always being apprehensive.
    Ex. Up to 42 percent of IT managers confess to losing sleep over security concerns.
    Ex. I would have included library schools in this list except for the fact that they fret endlessly about the pros and cons of being called a library school.
    * * *
    (v.) = become + apprehensive about, care (about/for), be apprehensive (about), lose + sleep over/on, fret about

    Ex: As the 1992 unification of the European Community looms, East European countries are becoming jittery and apprehensive about the implications for them.

    Ex: Many authors, especially since the mid nineteenth century, have cared about the details of their punctuation and have bothered to correct it.
    Ex: His actions have bothered me to the extent that I have difficulty working with him without always being apprehensive.
    Ex: Up to 42 percent of IT managers confess to losing sleep over security concerns.
    Ex: I would have included library schools in this list except for the fact that they fret endlessly about the pros and cons of being called a library school.

    Spanish-English dictionary > preocuparse por

  • 6 vagabundo

    adj.
    vagabond, do-nothing, stray, footloose.
    m.
    vagabond, loafer, bum, do-nothing.
    * * *
    1 wandering, roving
    2 peyorativo vagrant
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 (trotamundos) wanderer, rover
    2 peyorativo vagrant, tramp, US hobo
    3 (sin casa) tramp, US hobo
    \
    perro vagabundo stray dog
    * * *
    (f. - vagabunda)
    noun
    rover, vagabond
    * * *
    vagabundo, -a
    1. ADJ
    1) (=errante) [persona] wandering, roving; [perro] stray
    2) (=pordiosero) vagabond frm; pey vagrant
    2. SM/ F
    1) (=persona errante) wanderer, rover
    2) (=pordiosero) vagabond frm, tramp, bum (EEUU); pey vagrant
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo < perro> stray
    II
    - da masculino, femenino tramp, vagrant
    * * *
    = vagabond, transient, homeless man [homeless people, -pl.], tramp, vagrant, rover, errant, swagman, hobo [hoboes/hobos, -pl.], bagman.
    Ex. Some headings are vague and without scope notes to define them: ROBBERS AND OUTLAWS; CRIME AND CRIMINALS; ROGUES AND vagabonds.
    Ex. The librarian would at the end of such a search have a list of terms such as the following: emigres, evacuees, fugitives, immigration, migrants, migration, naturalisation, population transfers, transients.
    Ex. This article presents the issue of library use by homeless people in the form of two alternating fictional monologues, one in the mind of a homeless man, the other in the mind of a library official.
    Ex. These indigents, known to the public as tramps & skid row winos, are very visible & more likely to be arrested for drunkenness & other petty offenses than a person with a permanent home.
    Ex. This paper outlines the problems caused by vagrants who use public libraries as a refuge.
    Ex. Greed and fearlessness linked the Elizabethan sea rover, the 18th-century naval captain hungry for prize money, and the early-Victorian soldier for whom the storming of an Indian city offered the chance of booty.
    Ex. She was the type of kid who was always coming home with a new pet and we're not talking about your standard kitten in a shoebox or errant neighborhood mutt.
    Ex. After colonisation, swagmen wandered the countryside looking for work, looking for gold, running from something, seeking inspiration, or just living off the land.
    Ex. Chicago became the " Hobo Capital of America" during the late nineteenth century.
    Ex. His hand went to the pistol in his belt as he turned and found a ragged, filthy bagman looking up at him from beneath a blanket of newspapers.
    ----
    * hacerse un vagabundo = take to + the road.
    * pensión para vagabundos = flophouse.
    * vagabundos = homeless people.
    * vagabundos, los = homeless, the.
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo < perro> stray
    II
    - da masculino, femenino tramp, vagrant
    * * *
    = vagabond, transient, homeless man [homeless people, -pl.], tramp, vagrant, rover, errant, swagman, hobo [hoboes/hobos, -pl.], bagman.

    Ex: Some headings are vague and without scope notes to define them: ROBBERS AND OUTLAWS; CRIME AND CRIMINALS; ROGUES AND vagabonds.

    Ex: The librarian would at the end of such a search have a list of terms such as the following: emigres, evacuees, fugitives, immigration, migrants, migration, naturalisation, population transfers, transients.
    Ex: This article presents the issue of library use by homeless people in the form of two alternating fictional monologues, one in the mind of a homeless man, the other in the mind of a library official.
    Ex: These indigents, known to the public as tramps & skid row winos, are very visible & more likely to be arrested for drunkenness & other petty offenses than a person with a permanent home.
    Ex: This paper outlines the problems caused by vagrants who use public libraries as a refuge.
    Ex: Greed and fearlessness linked the Elizabethan sea rover, the 18th-century naval captain hungry for prize money, and the early-Victorian soldier for whom the storming of an Indian city offered the chance of booty.
    Ex: She was the type of kid who was always coming home with a new pet and we're not talking about your standard kitten in a shoebox or errant neighborhood mutt.
    Ex: After colonisation, swagmen wandered the countryside looking for work, looking for gold, running from something, seeking inspiration, or just living off the land.
    Ex: Chicago became the " Hobo Capital of America" during the late nineteenth century.
    Ex: His hand went to the pistol in his belt as he turned and found a ragged, filthy bagman looking up at him from beneath a blanket of newspapers.
    * hacerse un vagabundo = take to + the road.
    * pensión para vagabundos = flophouse.
    * vagabundos = homeless people.
    * vagabundos, los = homeless, the.

    * * *
    vagabundo1 -da
    ‹perro› stray
    niños vagabundos street urchins
    vagabundo2 -da
    masculine, feminine
    hobo ( AmE), tramp ( BrE), vagabond ( liter)
    * * *

    vagabundo
    ◊ -da adjetivo ‹ perro› stray;

    niños vagabundos street urchins
    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
    tramp, vagrant
    vagabundo,-a
    I adj (sin rumbo cierto) wandering
    (perro) stray dog
    II m,f (errante) wanderer
    (sin hogar) vagrant, tramp

    ' vagabundo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    vagabunda
    - atorrante
    English:
    bum
    - down-and-out
    - hobo
    - roaming
    - runabout
    - tramp
    - vagrant
    - vagabond
    * * *
    vagabundo, -a
    ♦ adj
    [persona] vagrant; [perro] stray
    ♦ nm,f
    1. [sin domicilio] tramp, vagrant, US bum
    2. Ven [sinvergüenza] crook
    * * *
    I adj perro stray
    II m, vagabunda f hobo, Br
    tramp
    * * *
    vagabundo, -da adj
    1) errante: wandering
    2) : stray
    vagabundo, -da n
    : vagrant, bum, vagabond
    * * *
    vagabundo n tramp

    Spanish-English dictionary > vagabundo

  • 7 Preece, Sir William Henry

    [br]
    b. 15 February 1834 Bryn Helen, Gwynedd, Wales
    d. 6 November 1913 Penrhos, Gwynedd, Wales
    [br]
    Welsh electrical engineer who greatly furthered the development and use of wireless telegraphy and the telephone in Britain, dominating British Post Office engineering during the last two decades of the nineteenth century.
    [br]
    After education at King's College, London, in 1852 Preece entered the office of Edwin Clark with the intention of becoming a civil engineer, but graduate studies at the Royal Institution under Faraday fired his enthusiasm for things electrical. His earliest work, as connected with telegraphy and in particular its application for securing the safe working of railways; in 1853 he obtained an appointment with the Electric and National Telegraph Company. In 1856 he became Superintendent of that company's southern district, but four years later he moved to telegraph work with the London and South West Railway. From 1858 to 1862 he was also Engineer to the Channel Islands Telegraph Company. When the various telegraph companies in Britain were transferred to the State in 1870, Preece became a Divisional Engineer in the General Post Office (GPO). Promotion followed in 1877, when he was appointed Chief Electrician to the Post Office. One of the first specimens of Bell's telephone was brought to England by Preece and exhibited at the British Association meeting in 1877. From 1892 to 1899 he served as Engineer-in-Chief to the Post Office. During this time he made a number of important contributions to telegraphy, including the use of water as part of telegraph circuits across the Solent (1882) and the Bristol Channel (1888). He also discovered the existence of inductive effects between parallel wires, and with Fleming showed that a current (thermionic) flowed between the hot filament and a cold conductor in an incandescent lamp.
    Preece was distinguished by his administrative ability, some scientific insight, considerable engineering intuition and immense energy. He held erroneous views about telephone transmission and, not accepting the work of Oliver Heaviside, made many errors when planning trunk circuits. Prior to the successful use of Hertzian waves for wireless communication Preece carried out experiments, often on a large scale, in attempts at wireless communication by inductive methods. These became of historic interest only when the work of Maxwell and Hertz was developed by Guglielmo Marconi. It is to Preece that credit should be given for encouraging Marconi in 1896 and collaborating with him in his early experimental work on radio telegraphy.
    While still employed by the Post Office, Preece contributed to the development of numerous early public electricity schemes, acting as Consultant and often supervising their construction. At Worcester he was responsible for Britain's largest nineteenth-century public hydro-electric station. He received a knighthood on his retirement in 1899, after which he continued his consulting practice in association with his two sons and Major Philip Cardew. Preece contributed some 136 papers and printed lectures to scientific journals, ninety-nine during the period 1877 to 1894.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    CB 1894. Knighted (KCB) 1899. FRS 1881. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers, 1880. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1880, 1893. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1898–9. Chairman, Royal Society of Arts 1901–2.
    Bibliography
    Preece produced numerous papers on telegraphy and telephony that were presented as Royal Institution Lectures (see Royal Institution Library of Science, 1974) or as British Association reports.
    1862–3, "Railway telegraphs and the application of electricity to the signaling and working of trains", Proceedings of the ICE 22:167–93.
    Eleven editions of Telegraphy (with J.Sivewright), London, 1870, were published by 1895.
    1883, "Molecular radiation in incandescent lamps", Proceedings of the Physical Society 5: 283.
    1885. "Molecular shadows in incandescent lamps". Proceedings of the Physical Society 7: 178.
    1886. "Electric induction between wires and wires", British Association Report. 1889, with J.Maier, The Telephone.
    1894, "Electric signalling without wires", RSA Journal.
    Further Reading
    J.J.Fahie, 1899, History of Wireless Telegraphy 1838–1899, Edinburgh: Blackwood. E.Hawkes, 1927, Pioneers of Wireless, London: Methuen.
    E.C.Baker, 1976, Sir William Preece, F.R.S. Victorian Engineer Extraordinary, London (a detailed biography with an appended list of his patents, principal lectures and publications).
    D.G.Tucker, 1981–2, "Sir William Preece (1834–1913)", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 53:119–36 (a critical review with a summary of his consultancies).
    GW / KF

    Biographical history of technology > Preece, Sir William Henry

  • 8 Bain, Alexander

    [br]
    b. October 1810 Watten, Scotland
    d. 2 January 1877 Kirkintilloch, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish inventor and entrepreneur who laid the foundations of electrical horology and designed an electromagnetic means of transmitting images (facsimile).
    [br]
    Alexander Bain was born into a crofting family in a remote part of Scotland. He was apprenticed to a watchmaker in Wick and during that time he was strongly influenced by a lecture on "Heat, sound and electricity" that he heard in nearby Thurso. This lecture induced him to take up a position in Clerkenwell in London, working as a journeyman clockmaker, where he was able to further his knowledge of electricity by attending lectures at the Adelaide Gallery and the Polytechnic Institution. His thoughts naturally turned to the application of electricity to clockmaking, and despite a bitter dispute with Charles Wheatstone over priority he was granted the first British patent for an electric clock. This patent, taken out on 11 January 1841, described a mechanism for an electric clock, in which an oscillating component of the clock operated a mechanical switch that initiated an electromagnetic pulse to maintain the regular, periodic motion. This principle was used in his master clock, produced in 1845. On 12 December of the same year, he patented a means of using electricity to control the operation of steam railway engines via a steam-valve. His earliest patent was particularly far-sighted and anticipated most of the developments in electrical horology that occurred during the nineteenth century. He proposed the use of electricity not only to drive clocks but also to distribute time over a distance by correcting the hands of mechanical clocks, synchronizing pendulums and using slave dials (here he was anticipated by Steinheil). However, he was less successful in putting these ideas into practice, and his electric clocks proved to be unreliable. Early electric clocks had two weaknesses: the battery; and the switching mechanism that fed the current to the electromagnets. Bain's earth battery, patented in 1843, overcame the first defect by providing a reasonably constant current to drive his clocks, but unlike Hipp he failed to produce a reliable switch.
    The application of Bain's numerous patents for electric telegraphy was more successful, and he derived most of his income from these. They included a patent of 12 December 1843 for a form of fax machine, a chemical telegraph that could be used for the transmission of text and of images (facsimile). At the receiver, signals were passed through a moving band of paper impregnated with a solution of ammonium nitrate and potassium ferrocyanide. For text, Morse code signals were used, and because the system could respond to signals faster than those generated by hand, perforated paper tape was used to transmit the messages; in a trial between Paris and Lille, 282 words were transmitted in less than one minute. In 1865 the Abbé Caselli, a French engineer, introduced a commercial fax service between Paris and Lyons, based on Bain's device. Bain also used the idea of perforated tape to operate musical wind instruments automatically. Bain squandered a great deal of money on litigation, initially with Wheatstone and then with Morse in the USA. Although his inventions were acknowledged, Bain appears to have received no honours, but when towards the end of his life he fell upon hard times, influential persons in 1873 secured for him a Civil List Pension of £80 per annum and the Royal Society gave him £150.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1841, British patent no. 8,783; 1843, British patent no. 9,745; 1845, British patent no.
    10,838; 1847, British patent no. 11,584; 1852, British patent no. 14,146 (all for electric clocks).
    1852, A Short History of the Electric Clocks with Explanation of Their Principles and
    Mechanism and Instruction for Their Management and Regulation, London; reprinted 1973, introd. W.Hackmann, London: Turner \& Devereux (as the title implies, this pamphlet was probably intended for the purchasers of his clocks).
    Further Reading
    The best account of Bain's life and work is in papers by C.A.Aked in Antiquarian Horology: "Electricity, magnetism and clocks" (1971) 7: 398–415; "Alexander Bain, the father of electrical horology" (1974) 9:51–63; "An early electric turret clock" (1975) 7:428–42. These papers were reprinted together (1976) in A Conspectus of Electrical Timekeeping, Monograph No. 12, Antiquarian Horological Society: Tilehurst.
    J.Finlaison, 1834, An Account of Some Remarkable Applications of the Electric Fluid to the Useful Arts by Alexander Bain, London (a contemporary account between Wheatstone and Bain over the invention of the electric clock).
    J.Munro, 1891, Heroes of the Telegraph, Religious Tract Society.
    J.Malster \& M.J.Bowden, 1976, "Facsimile. A Review", Radio \&Electronic Engineer 46:55.
    D.J.Weaver, 1982, Electrical Clocks and Watches, Newnes.
    T.Hunkin, 1993, "Just give me the fax", New Scientist (13 February):33–7 (provides details of Bain's and later fax devices).
    DV / KF

    Biographical history of technology > Bain, Alexander

  • 9 Cochran, Josephine C.

    [br]
    b. c.1842 Ohio, USA
    d. after November 1908 USA
    [br]
    American inventor of the dishwashing machine.
    [br]
    Amidst the growing cohorts of American inventors who began to deluge the patent office with their inventions from around the middle of the nineteenth century are at least 30 women who received patents for dishwashers. Of these, it seems that Josephine C.Cochran can be credited with the invention of the first commercially available dishwasher. She developed her machine over a period often years, achieving patents in 1886 and 1888, with a third in 1894 for a "dish-cleaner". She completed the work in 1889, only after the death of her husband, who had kept her too short of funds to perfect her invention. Cochran exhibited her dishwasher at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1892. There was a smaller, "family"-size machine for domestic use and a larger model, steam-driven, for major hotels and restaurants; this latter model was used by many such establishments in Chicago. It was said that the large machine could scald, rinse and dry up to 240 plates of various shapes and sizes in two minutes. Her invention had won her sufficient fame to earn her a place in a list, published in 1886, of prominent American women inventors.
    Little is known of Cochran's personal details, save that she was married to a circuit clerk ten years her senior, by whom she had a daughter. She was still active in November 1908, for she exhibited again at the Martha Washington Hotel Suffrage Bazaar in New York City.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Stanley, 1993, Mothers and Daughters of Invention, Meruchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, pp. 438–9.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Cochran, Josephine C.

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